Estimating Activity from Instantaneous Heart Rate 1.0.0

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Fp -24 2982 a(Intr) n(odu) r(ction) p Fo 59 3168 a(Most) 67
b(short-) f(and) h(mediu) n(m-term) f(\(up) g(to) h(one) f(hou) n(r\))
-24 3267 y(measureme) n(nts) 54 b(of) f(heart) g(rate) g(v) n(ariab) n
(ility) h(are) f(themselv) o(e) n(s) -24 3365 y(highly) 37
b(v) n(ariable) g(o) o(v) o(er) g(time.) 79 b(This) 38
b(intra-su) n(bject) h(v) n(ar) n(iability) -24 3464
y(limits) 51 b(the) f(v) n(alue) g(of) g(inter) n(-sub) n(ject) h(comp)
n(arisons) f(of) g(these) -24 3563 y(measureme) n(nts,) 64
b(unless) 55 b(perio) n(ds) g(of) g(comp) n(arable) f(physical) -24
3662 y(acti) n(vity) 41 b(can) g(be) g(matched.) 87 b(W) m(ith) 42
b(the) f(goal) g(of) g(being) f(able) -24 3761 y(to) 31
b(mak) o(e) f(such) f(compar) n(isons) i(in) f(the) g(absence) g(of) g
(indep) n(endent) -24 3859 y(acti) n(vity) 35 b(data,) i(this) e(study)
g(in) m(v) m(estigated) f(method) n(s) h(for) f(\002nding) -24
3958 y(period) n(s) 44 b(of) d(minimum) g(acti) n(vity) h(based) g(on) f
(the) h(ECG) h(alone.) -24 4057 y(Such) 29 b(perio) n(ds) h(are) e
(well-suited) h(for) f(HR) -7 b(V) 30 b(compa) n(risons,) h(since) -24
4156 y(minimum) 19 b(acti) n(vity) g(le) n(v) o(els) h(are) g(usually) f
(compar) n(able) h(e) n(v) o(en) f(when) -24 4255 y(maximum) 28
b(or) g(a) n(v) o(erag) n(e) i(acti) n(vity) e(le) n(v) o(els) h(are) g
(not.) 50 b(Indep) n(endent) -24 4353 y(of) 38 b(these) g(consider) n
(ations,) k(inter) n(-beat) 37 b(interv) n(als) g(\(hence) g(HR) -7
b(V) -24 4452 y(measureme) n(nts) 39 b(deri) n(v) m(ed) f(from) f
(them\)) g(are) g(usually) h(measur) n(ed) -24 4551 y(most) 30
b(accurately) f(durin) n(g) i(the) f(noise-f) n(ree) g(ECG) h(se) o
(gmen) n(ts) g(that) -24 4650 y(occur) 20 b(most) g(often) f(durin) n
(g) i(perio) n(ds) g(of) f(minimu) n(m) g(acti) n(vity) -5
b(.) p Fp -24 4898 a(Heart) 25 b(rate) p Fo 59 5085 a(Man) o(y) j
(de\002nitions) g(of) h(heart) f(rate) h(are) g(possible.) 51
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76 4 v Fn 20 w(H) p Fl 405 5294 a(N) p Fm 468 5282 a(\() p
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b(.) 59 5383 y(Gi) n(v) o(en) 41 b(the) h(sequence) f(of) h(beat) g
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Fo 70 w(denote) n(s) 71 b(the) f(beat) g(num) n(ber) m(,) 82
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Fn 2232 1199 a(H) p Fm 7 w(\() p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) k(=) p
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2944 1794 a(<) g(t) p Fm 18 w(+) p Fn 18 w(k) p Fm 3
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2022 y(more) 16 b(than) g(the) g(numb) n(er) h(of) f(complete) g
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Fn 20 w(t) p Fo(;) h(the) e(\002rst) h(term) f(is) h(the) 2145
2220 y(fraction) d(of) g(the) h(pre) n(viou) n(s) h(interv) n(a) n(l) g
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2319 y(last) f(term) f(is) h(the) f(fraction) f(of) h(the) g(\002nal) h
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2417 y(the) 26 b(windo) n(w) -5 b(.) 42 b(From) 26 b(the) g
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2726 118 4 v 2915 2802 a(2) p Fn(N) p Fl 3086 2641 a(N) p
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22 w(=) 23 b(5) p Fo 20 w(minutes\).) p Fp 2145 3429
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w(ectopic) f(beat) g(rate) p Fh 2145 4201 a(\017) p Fo
41 w(ST) h(se) o(gmen) n(t) g(de) n(viation) p Fh 2145
4300 a(\017) p Fo 41 w(QT) g(interv) n(a) n(l) p Fh 2145
4398 a(\017) p Fo 41 w(noise) f(content) g(of) g(the) g(ECG) 2228
4494 y(Mean) 33 b(heart) g(rate) h(is) h(the) e(most) h(ob) o(v) n
(ious) g(of) f(these,) k(since) d(it) 2145 4593 y(respon) n(ds) 17
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(x) 2145 4889 y(of) 38 b(acti) n(vity) -5 b(.) 80 b(It) 39
b(should) f(be) g(noted) g(that) h(systematic) g(detector) 2145
4988 y(error) n(s) 32 b(can) f(occasiona) n(lly) h(result) f(in) g
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5284 y(The) 46 b(total) h(po) n(wer) f(measurem) n(ent) h(is) h(strong)
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2162 y(\001) p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) p Fe 19 w(\000) p 1092
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1442 2327 V Fn 23 w(H) p Fl 1518 2409 a(N) q(=) p Fk(2) p
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2592 y(in) e(equa) n(tion) f(\(3\).) 59 2690 y(Although) 39
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2195 y(resulting) d(in) i(man) o(y) e(detector) g(error) n(s.) 56
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@endspecial Fo 1342 2530 a(Figure) 20 b(1.) 46 b(Deri) n(v) n(a) n
(tion) 20 b(of) g(the) g(acti) n(vity) g(inde) o(x) n(.) -24
2797 y(sampled) 37 b(\(2) h(Hz\)) f(instantaneo) n(us) h(heart) g(rate)
f(signal) h(for) f(each) -24 2896 y(record) n(ing) 18
b(using) f(the) g(method) f(of) i(equatio) n(n) g(\(1\).) 23
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@endspecial 2145 4376 a(Figure) 26 b(2.) 73 b(An) 27
b(e) o(xamp) n(le) h(of) f(the) g(recor) n(dings) g(used) g(to) g(e) n
(v) n(alu) n(ate) 2145 4475 y(the) 20 b(acti) n(vity) g(inde) o(x) n(.)
26 b(G:) 21 b(instantaneou) n(s) g(gait) f(\(steps) h(per) f(minute\)) n
(;) 2145 4574 y(H:) 34 b(instantan) n(eous) f(heart) g(rate,) p
Fn 37 w(H) p Fm 7 w(\() p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) p Fo 34 w(\(beats) g(per) g
(minu) n(te\);) 40 b(A:) 2145 4673 y(acti) n(vity) 26
b(inde) o(x) n(,) p Fn 28 w(A) p Fm(\() p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) p
Fo(;) k(S:) d(stationarity) e(inde) o(x,) p Fn 27 w(S) p
Fm 5 w(\() p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) p Fo(;) k(P:) e(po) n(wer) m(,) p
Fn 2145 4772 a(P) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) p Fo(.) p
Fn 41 w(A) p Fm(\() p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) p Fo(,) p Fn 28
w(S) p Fm 5 w(\() p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) p Fo(,) g(and) p Fn
25 w(P) p Fm 12 w(\() p Fn(t) p Fm(\)) p Fo 26 w(are) e(updated) f(at) i
(interv) l(als) g(of) f(2.5) 2145 4870 y(minutes.) 63
b(The) 32 b(record) n(ing) h(be) o(g) n(ins) h(dur) n(ing) f(the) g
(resting) f(phase.) 2145 4969 y(The) 42 b(standing) g(phase) h(be) o(g)
n(ins) h(dur) n(ing) f(minute) f(14) h(and) f(ends) 2145
5068 y(durin) n(g) 34 b(minute) f(23,) k(when) c(the) h(w) o(alking) f
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b(case.) p 90 rotate dyy eop
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4 3 bop Fp -24 142 a(Conclusions) p Fo 59 324 a(Periods) 30
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521 y(uncor) n(rected) 36 b(ECG) g(anno) n(tations) g(of) g(the) f
(quality) g(obtained) g(by) -22 620 y(A) p Fd 4 w(R) t(I) t(S) t(T) s
(O) q(T) t(L) t(E) p Fo 28 w(on) 25 b(the) g(test) h(record) n(ings.) 40
b(This) 26 b(techniq) n(ue) f(should) -24 719 y(be) i(particu) n(larly)
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-24 818 y(v) n(ariability) f(as) i(a) g(means) f(of) g(reducin) n(g) g
(intra-patien) n(t) h(v) n(ariability) -7 b(,) -24 916
y(when) 47 b(indepe) n(ndent) g(recor) n(ds) h(of) f(phy) n(sical) h
(acti) n(vity) f(are) h(not) -24 1015 y(a) n(v) n(ailable.) p
Fp -24 1256 a(Ackno) o(wledgeme) r(nts) p Fo 59 1438
a(The) 19 b(author) f(wishes) i(to) f(thank) g(Jef) n(fre) o(y) f
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42 b(the) g(record) n(ings) g(that) g(were) g(used) g(to) g(e) n(v) n
(aluate) f(the) -24 1635 y(method) n(s) j(described) e(abo) m(v) o(e;)
54 b(and) 42 b(Ary) h(Goldb) n(er) o(ger) -5 b(,) 49
b(Jef) n(fre) m(y) -24 1734 y(Hausdorf) n(f) n(,) 24
b(Roger) f(Mark,) g(Joseph) g(Mietus,) h(and) f(Da) n(vid) g(Rigne) o
(y) -24 1833 y(for) d(discussions) g(of) g(these) g(and) g(related) g
(issues.) -24 2007 y(References) -24 2143 y([1]) 82 b(J.M.) 39
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b(D.M.) 39 b(Pilgrim,) k(D.R.) 156 2242 y(Rigne) o(y) -5
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Fb 19 w(70) p Fo(:10) n(64\2261) n(071,) f(Oct.) g(199) n(2.) -24
2538 y([2]) 82 b(G.B.) 18 b(Moody) -7 b(,) 18 b(R.G.) h(Mark) n(.) f
(De) n(v) o(elop) n(ment) g(and) f(e) n(v) n(aluatio) n(n) 156
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Fb 19 w(9) p Fo(:39\226) n(44) 20 b(\(198) n(2\).) -24
2834 y([3]) 82 b(G.B.) 255 b(Moo) n(dy) -5 b(.) p Fc
253 w(tach) p Fo 254 w([C-langu) n(age) 156 2933 y(softw) o(are,) 248
b(a) n(v) n(ailable) 203 b(fro) n(m) g(PhysioNet,) p
Fc 156 3032 a(http://www) n(.physionet) n(.org/) p Fo(].) p
Fp 2145 142 a(A) n(ppendix) p Fo 2228 324 a(The) 17 b(C) i(pro) n(gram)
e(belo) n(w) g(determine) n(s) i(the) f(perio) n(d) g(of) f(minimum)
2145 423 y(acti) n(vity) 36 b(using) f(the) h(techniqu) n(es) h
(described) e(abo) o(v) m(e.) 73 b(Its) 37 b(inpu) n(t) 2145
521 y(should) d(be) h(a) g(list) h(of) f(instantaneo) n(us) h(heart) e
(rates) i(\(in) e(bpm\)) g(at) 2145 620 y(unifo) n(rm) k(interv) l(als)
h(of) e(0.5) g(seconds;) p Fc 46 w(tach) p Fo([3) n(]) h(can) g(pro) n
(duce) 2145 719 y(these) 28 b(data) g(gi) n(v) o(en) f(a) h(list) h(of)
f(beat) g(arri) n(v) l(al) h(times.) 48 b(The) 28 b(prog) n(ram) 2145
818 y(mak) o(es) 41 b(a) h(measurem) n(ent) g(of) f(the) g(acti) n
(vity) g(inde) o(x) f(once) h(e) n(v) o(ery) 2145 916
y(2.5) 33 b(minutes;) 40 b(each) 34 b(measure) n(ment) g(re\003ects) g
(acti) n(vity) f(o) o(v) o(er) g(the) 2145 1015 y(pre) n(v) n(ious) 20
b(\002) n(v) o(e) g(minutes.) p Fa 2145 1141 a(#include) 39
b(<stdio.) n(h>) 2145 1218 y(#include) g(<math.h) n(>) 2145
1294 y(#define) g(DT) g(\(0.5\)) 2145 1371 y(#define) g(N) g(300) 2145
1523 y(main\(\)) 2145 1600 y({) 2225 1676 y(double) g(a,) g(amin) g(=) h
(-1.0,) f(h[2*N],) g(hs0,) g(hs1,) g(mh,) 2504 1753 y(p,) g(s;) 2225
1829 y(int) g(i) h(=) f(0,) h(i0) f(=) h(N;) 2225 1905
y(long) f(t,) g(tmin;) 2225 2058 y(for) g(\(t) h(=) f(1L;) h
(scanf\("\045) n(lf",) g(&h[i]\)) f(==) g(1;) h(t++\)) f({) 2304
2134 y(if) h(\(++i) f(>=) h(i0+N\)) f({) 2384 2211 y(if) h(\(amin) f(<)
g(0.\)) 2464 2287 y(for) g(\(i) h(=) f(0,) h(hs0) f(=) h(0.;) f(i) h(<)
g(N;) f(i++\)) 2543 2364 y(hs0) h(+=) f(h[i];) 2384 2440
y(else) g(hs0) h(=) f(hs1;) 2384 2516 y(for) g(\(i) h(=) g(i0,) f(hs1) g
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2384 2669 y(mh) g(=) f(\(hs0) g(+) h(hs1\)/\(2*N\);) 2384
2745 y(s) g(=) f(fabs\(hs0) g(-) h(hs1\)/N;) 2384 2822
y(for) f(\(i) h(=) g(0,) f(p) h(=) g(0.;) f(i) h(<) f(2*N;) h(i++\))
2464 2898 y(p) f(+=) h(\(h[i]) f(-) h(mh\)*\(h[i]) e(-) i(mh\);) 2384
2975 y(p) g(/=) f(2*N;) 2384 3051 y(if) h(\(p) f(>) h(100.\)) f(p) h(=)
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(10*s*s) f(+) h(100*p\);) 2384 3204 y(if) g(\(mh) f(<) h(25.\)) f(a) h
(+=) f(25.) h(-) f(mh;) 2384 3280 y(if) h(\(a) f(<) h(amin) f(||) h
(amin) f(<) h(0.\)) f({) 2464 3357 y(amin) g(=) h(a;) 2464
3433 y(tmin) f(=) h(t;) 2384 3509 y(}) 2384 3586 y(i) g(=) f(i0) h(=) g
(N) f(-) h(i0;) 2304 3662 y(}) 2225 3738 y(}) 2225 3815
y(if) f(\(amin) g(>=) h(0.\)) 2304 3891 y(printf\("Mini) n(mum) g
(activity) f(from) g(\045g) g(to) h(\045g\\n",) 2583
3968 y(\(tmin) f(-) h(2*N\)*DT,) f(tmin*DT\);) 2145 4044
y(}) p Fd 2228 4170 a(Author') l(s) 16 b(address:) 21
b(MIT) 14 b(Room) h(E25-505A,) f(Cambri) r(dge,) h(MA) f(02139) i(USA.)
p 90 rotate dyy eop
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